INDIANISM Part
By Jorge Oscar Sulé
ABOUT THE NATIVE PEOPLES
For some time we have heard the term "indigenous peoples" to refer to American Indians and particularly to our own in Argentina. The generalized expression for the mass media supported by multinational money, and repeated even by the highest ranks of our political representation, involves an idea that touches the foundations of knowledge ethnological and historical paleoanthropological settled in these sciences.
So our Indian would have been born in America. In other words, our continent would have been the scene where the man originally born American. Before
assertion so great we went to look in the knowledge of scholars and scientists, if the information that the man and the peoples of America were "original" of our continent, or whether it was a colossal blunder again and emerged from the factories of Indianism where concepts often slide hide ideological desires and intentions.
Some human dating
Our brief foray research gave us the following results. The oldest hominid fossils discovered in Africa and called Ardipithecus and Australopithecus are dated at more than 4,000,000 years. A australopihtecus dated by the potassium-argon records an age of 3,200,000 years but not "homo" and not found with these fossils tools and utensils, but have a particular meaning, are plumbed and have bipedalism even though his hands still partially equipped to climb trees . This female hominid named Lucy, appointed by the paleoanthropologist Donald Johanson, who discovered after patient research in Ethiopia in the region near the Afar tribe called, hence bearing the name Lucy Australopithecus afarensis.
Close to that region of Africa begin to find fossils and accompanied by tools and utensils: We are in the presence of early Homo. A skeleton discovered by Richard Leackey which he called Homo erectus, is dated Leackey Lowis 1,540.000 years and announced the discovery of a skull called homo habilis and dated it to 1,800.000 years. These reconstructed skull fragments less than 1,000 cm3. of brain tissue but are surrounded by prehistoric tools stratigraphy which corresponds to the years already appropriated. Another discovery made in the Leackey Kobi Fora (Africa) that dated to 2.8 million years and classified homo 1470 "is under discussion although the nature of homo.
-genome DNA Studies among other things detecting the traces of evolution have shown that anatomically modern man, Homo Sapiens Sapiens ("heir of the above?) arose in Africa between 200,000 and 140,000 years. It was the only human species since it was detected a population of elongated skull, strong body and well adapted to cold, was called Neanderthal between 100,000 and 30,000 years, having coexisted with modern man. Scientific Most believe it would not have become extinct since interfertile with Homo Sapiens Sapiens.
With the disappearance of Neanderthals Homo Sapiens Sapiens became the first species of the evolution of hominids.
These humans are the ones who are the first "peoples" who began their first migration or dispersal to northern Africa. Then they headed to the Middle East, Australia, Europe and Asia and this continent to the Americas during and after the last ice age (between 30,000 and 20,000 years). There
worldwide scientist, anthropologist, paleontologist, archaeologist or historian who claims that the Indian is native to America. Everyone answer they came to America through the Bering Strait by the end of Quaternary glacial retreat especially after (20,000) from Asia (now Siberia, Mongolia, Tibet, etc) and the Beringia corridor.
These Asian immigrants, even belonging to the same race, were not homogeneous from the standpoint of ethnic and cultural corresponded to different subtypes of the yellow race, spoke different languages \u200b\u200band had different levels of civilization.
The scholars who have studied the subject, including Ales Hrdlicka, not back the antiquity of man in America beyond the end of the Pleistocene.
Kurk
Scientists think Bryan and Louis Ray, after extensive and thorough research, human fossils found in North America North can not be over the age of 25,000 years.
not forget another group of scientists, without ignoring the path by Bering, also claim that there were migrations from the North Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic.
THE SITUATION IN ARGENTINA
several migrations are estimated from the already recorded from Bering Strait and other arrivals.
To summarize, with the risk that any simplification means but follow the thinking of our great scientists, we can estimate in four of immigrations particles covering our territory and more beyond our limits, so called FUÉGUIDOS, the Pampas, the Amazon and ÁNDIDOS.
recently conducted by researchers at the Museum of Natural Sciences de la Plata has been detected near a settlement in Truncado Pino (Province of Santa Cruz) with an age of 12,890 years. Between then and 10,000 years, were pámpido fuéguidos and those which would have established. Asian people come from both dolicoféfalos mongolizados not with a pre-agricultural level. Survivors of fuéguidos that are in the process of extinction in the nineteenth century, are the Ona or Selknam, Yagan or Yamana and Alacalufe: they are nomadic hunters minor collectors and marine predators. Pámpido group has been located in the savannah and steppe through the pampas and reaching the forest. They are nomadic hunters and high over more bulky than previous language differences and their descendants are from the Patagonian with its two divisions to the south and Gunüna Onikan Kunen or Genaker (tehuelche) to northern Patagonia, to the Chaco Guaycurú covering a language family they belong to the Toba, matacos, mocovíes, etc.
Amazonian group dating below the 5,000 years are to agriculture: the largest group of those offspring Guarani is usually located in Misiones. Not appear as a continuum but in small islands along the banks of the Paraná and its islands. Were small groups of migratory habits without constructing a continuous state, customs and practices anthropophagic warriors. Grown in forest clearings cassava, sweet potato, pumpkin, etc.
Ándido group is that the English found along the Andes and their foothills. Their dating is below 2,000 years.
What consign in our country then corresponds to the period known as Late Period, in the North West ranging from dc to 850 Approximately 1480 AD, beginning the period of Inca domination. This group includes the purmamarca, Juju, omaguacas, Chile and diaguitas. In the Quebrada de Humahuaca have much information on their practices can only say that they are related to the war with the cult of the skull trophy and the use of hallucinogens.
By the year 1480 is estimated about the arrival of the Incas (Ándido) the conquest of which covered the entire Argentine NO stretching across the valley to San Juan and Mendoza continued his journey to Chile to the Maule River stopped in these regions by the Mapuche Arauco. Of their presence remain as testimony called bins, supply centers, and pucará like Andalgalá and Tilcara, military cantonment sites.
Lule group located east of the Guaycurus, branch of ancient origin may pámpido settled on the plain forest and hill pede pampas and sub-Andean hills. "Often ravaged territories cannibals harassing the sedentary tribes of the valleys ... His action was so devastating that a reporter found that if the English had not come to that area of \u200b\u200bLule had finally destroy all those people."
already before the Lule had invaded and dominated the tonocotés Santiago del Estero.
Central Sierras (Córdoba and San Luis) treasure remains dating back 6,000 years. Subsequent cores were installed and sanavirones comechingones agroalfarero called, perhaps ándida origin, dated by carbon-14 to the 1,000 dc
ándido
the same branch that might be the accompanying huarpes Pedro del Castillo and fifty residents who came from Santiago de Chile Mendoza founded in 1561.
believe that the Araucanian or Mapuche is also branch ándido that by the eighteenth century was penetrated our territory, from Chile to Argentina in search of yegüerizo brought by Pedro de Mandoza and left the farm Garay multiplied prodigiously. Of this invasion are victims Guenaken (tehuelche) that were almost exterminated. Thus the hunter becomes araucano wandering, degrading their previous condition of sedentary village farmers.
The Pehuenche is cordillerano (Ándido XVI century) non-Mapuche, with their own language, hunter gatherer and agricultural practices, were located in southern Mendoza and Neuquén. It was subsequently amapuchado intertribal warfare. One of its branches, the ranquel, too late immigration from the river Agrio higher in the mountainous north of Neuquén. After bloody conflicts with Mapuche tribal huilliches with whom mixing, approximately 1770 migrate to the province of La Pampa on the shores of freshwater lakes and Leuvucó, Trenel, Leather, Pitral Lauquen and elsewhere in the province. The voroga or cornbread, of Mapuche ancestry comes from Chile after the Battle of Maipú. Beyond the majority supported the Viceroy Pezuela therefore faced with other vorogas who supported the patriot armies. These truly bloody intertribal warfare cover a chapter in the history of Chile that there is called "War to Death."
After that victory over the royalists San Martín, the vorogas defeated in Argentine territory and accompanied by troops loyal to the English power, deserters and adventurers were first installed in the Sierra de la Ventana expelling pampas groups and then chose to settle in areas Guaminí, Carhué, Epecuén, Masalles (southwest of the province of Buenos Aires) and Salinas Great in the eastern province bordering the Pampa Buenos Aires.
pampas-called displaced persons in Sierra de la Ventana retreated with their peers in territories of the current game Tapalqué, Blue, Olavaria, Tandil. The pampas are also the result of several Mestizos: the Querandí he found in Buenos Aires Mendoza disappeared from the region, or habitat retreated Guarani or headed south mixing with the old pámpido. Conjectural at this racial mixing of plain old followed by another not so conjectural as it was produced by the penetration or guenaken Kune gününa coming from penetrating the northern Patagonian province of Buenos Aires in a process that some call the "tehuelchización of the desert" which scope and intensity is discussed. After that racial mixing is followed by the invasion of other Mapuche from Chile who entered this space drawn, as stated above, the estate in general. We are in the eighteenth century the Mapuche language variants has been imposed on the former without the old Indians have forgotten their origin and previous language.
Hence the pampa has friendly relations with the North tehuelche (gününa Kune) or Guenaken, one of the earliest roots and not to the voroga, late immigrants, which has been located as we said in the southwest of Buenos Aires the second decade of the nineteenth century.
Aires studying place names can notice the traces of the various invasions and migrations over the Pampas, for example, Tandileufú creek, stream Lagueyú Ayacucho in the game, the brook Chelforó in General Guido, Kakel Huincul in the game Maipú are names or place names araucana etiology Cashuati as denomination of Sierra de la Ventana, Napostá stream crossing Bahía Blanca, Chivilcoy, Sierra Vulcan Volcano or Guaminí Balcarce Party and others are North tehuelche etiology.
NUCLEI MAJOR IN LATIN
cultural areas of further development were: 1 .- Naho centered on the Aztecs, Mexico. 2 .- The Quiche Maya (Yucatan Peninsula to Panama today)., 3 .- The Chibcha (from Panama to Colombia). 4 .- The core Incas in Peru and Ecuador projection towards the north, the NW of Argentina and to the center of Chile (regions approximate).
not describe the many aspects of these civilizations who hold the highest degree of governmental organization, large agricultural and artistic but certain distinctive features that guide us in the focus of our topic.
The Aztec Nahuatl see a federation of communities with a central core militarized, they have not been able to dominate all peoples, and religious practices consistent with human sacrifice and cannibalism. In the Maya-Quiche area highlights the architecture and timing but also cruel religious practices. In the area chibcha highlights a remarkable village goldsmiths. The Incas Cuzco are based on a better political organization that Nahuas Mexicans: they are builders of roads and irrigation complex, here are diminished but not disappeared human sacrifice. These peoples were invaders timely and practiced slavery. The Aztecs, tributaries of the Tepaneca, beat them and conquering other peoples finally settled in the valley of Mexico where several lakes, founding the city or Mechttli called Tenochtitlan (Mexico) to the 1,300 of our era, two centuries before Cortes arrived.
Before the Incas, dominated other peoples on the coast called Yungas that gave rise to Tiahuanaco civilization call before the Christian era but were overpowered by warriors led by the so-called Inca military elite that comes from higher geographical locations that eventually gave name to an era. There is no doubt that these people were the most advanced conquerors of America settled on an advanced agricultural. Indeed, agriculture brings a sedentary lifestyle, more complex organizational forms and more time to devote to the development of architecture, art and writing at the end (or ideographic cuneiform). However, others did not reach higher levels of civilization because they did not know the bread grains (wheat, oats, barley) wheel as a means of transport, the plow, winch, iron, glass, horse or large beasts that give meat and milk in bulk to the people among other things. That is why it is claimed, based on these data, that the American Indian world is only in the Middle Neolithic or recent, having a civilizing backwardness compared to Asia (eg China), Middle East and Europe for 2,000 years or more . The gap is greater in the case of Indians located in regions of Argentina.
We conclude that America is a continent whole new population. The American man is not indigenous.
point out before continuing ahead of the glory and prestige of a country do not depend on more or less remote past and that if America had been populated late there is no reason to feel humiliated as Africa does not have to be proud for having been the cradle of humanity .
Towards the end of the fifteenth century other immigrants came to America on ships conquerors incomprehensible to the Indians. Giant ships with square sails and the triangular moving or spinning can always give the face of the candle in the wind even though it comes from the front or side (Carvel), with rudder or helm regardless of the side without a paddle oar with implementation of the compass and the astrolabe. But otherwise bring two cross beams .... It begins another story.
jos
The Times of the World, published by Times Books. " Year 1999
Rex González-Pérez J. A "native Argentina," p. 113 Editorial Paidós 1990.
Fernández, Jorge: "History of the Indian Ranqueles." National Institute of Anthropology and Latin American Thought. Buenos Aires. 1998.
Vicuña Mackenna, Benjamin, "The ostracism of the race." University of Chile.
Casamiquela Rudolph Derieul Carlos Funes, Joseph P. Thill "Indian Place Names." Fundación Ameghino. 2003. LATIN AMERICA AND THE
INDIANISM
Part
By Jorge Oscar Sulé
NACE LATIN
The most important of the Renaissance is the discovery of America. We left for
the rabbit Indian pointless denying such discovery by giving the credit to the so-called native peoples, but say something. Firstly, because in America, as we have shown in previous pages, there is no native peoples, we are all immigrants; as said the people from Asia and come to our America through the Bering Strait. Secondly, because discovery is to signal to everyone something that was unknown, is to uncover what is covered, is to give birth to what is in the shade, is FIND WHAT YOU ARE IGNORED OR OCCULT AND show the whole world that meant and it happened when Spain drove the cross on the shores of Guanahani once and forever.
Third because it comes with discovering a new culture, the Hispanic or Latin American which opens us to transcendence and fusion is reached with half Indian, is in medieval and American Indian. But there is an overlap. Is integration of the elements found, although the merger is based on integrating cultural scripts English: religion overcomes the blood politics found, the language of greater plasticity and higher lexográficas inflections, technical-support more effectively for development civilization, legal structures, aesthetic expressions etc, etc. But the newcomer, in turn, be operated transformations: the human environment and found geographic, landscape, soil, climate (dixit Buela Genuis loci) would produce a complete assimilation of the nature that surrounds replete identifying with it.
This identification with the environment will be an almost immediate and their roots and anchorage final. Thus was born Latin America.
REFLECTIONS ON
DOMINIONS
But before moving over is not clear that two issues are interrelated. On the one hand it is correct or not to affirm the superiority of one civilization on another level, and on the other hand analyzing the questioning of those who dismiss the English to get into land that was not their own.
Regarding the first issue, no hesitation in saying that there is a superior level of civilization, for example that of ándidos over the Pampas, and the English with respect to all Aboriginal. Needless to say that this superiority is not necessarily given by the simple chronological modernity that it expresses, or that superiority is stable and that there are processes of decay and old age, nor imposed by the simple economic compulsion or weapons.
The superiority of a culture and a civilization is its ability of fertilization and transmutation, in transmitting capillary.
fact: the prevalence and persistence of a culture and a civilization is not necessarily given by and through military supremacy or the blackmail of a dominant economy, although that may be preceded by the blades of bayonets or pouches of the merchants, but not necessarily. Disappeared
coercion coercion by itself, which always has the sign of the provisioriedad and the contingent, the culture of the winner or the loser protagonist or transmuted survive because they impose their excellence if they have natural or otherwise wither one or the other as the forest which have little or rootlets have had little nutritional sustenance. We know many winners that although such and as such, never transmitted or culturally imposed nothing. Others were absorbed by himself up, leaving no traces of its dominance dominant and others that up, do not plan to survive even transmuted or acculturated.
In neither case is Spain. Today, after 5 centuries more than 600 million Hispanic Americans continue to speak the language of Castile and praying to God himself inherited. In Latin America lies a rebellion to the values \u200b\u200babsolutely material and the rationalist excesses of complex methodologies and frustrana. We live more by pressing a guitar counting dollars.
Now to the second issue, that is the question that Spain is done Why do you put on land not it was your own? Something has been said about it. But this question is value judgments on the lips of a jurist of Modern International Law, which omits specific certify the superiority relations in the past outweighed the right reasons, or ethical response to a sense of humanitarianism poetic when not hide his ideological hypocrisies inherent rapacity does not correspond with the historical realities and real contexts. Moreover, this trial is at odds with the most elementary of equities. Nobody prosecutes Egyptian absorbed the primitive beds and built their empire bequeathed to humanity a great cultural heritage. Nor is anyone prosecuted the Jews because they dominated the ancient Philistines and Canaanites of the land of Jordan instead streaming no less than monotheism as a precious key to human existence. Not to mention the Greeks who conquered the "Sea Peoples" Pelasgians "and destroyed the civilization cretomicenica and then developed a civilization and culture that then everyone will feel heir, including Rome and Spain itself us some way to Spain. No one prosecuted liquidated Etruscan Rome and rooms in their territories - the current Italy, eventually gave us a huge legal work exploited worldwide. Finally, the Prosecution turns on them in their aboriginal lands invaded successive displacements of other Indians, annihilating or absorbing up to prevail in the end, as ándidos, techniques and spirituality than on previous communities.
Why then continue to prosecute to Spain as the founding gesture in culture and methodology do not even have a simile in world history as any conquering people as the imperial Egypt, Palestine, religious, aristocratic and democratic Greece, Rome the Law and the British and French invaded Africa and parts of Asia in the nineteenth century, never questioned the legitimacy of his conquests? Even in Spain it was higher. His doctors and theologians met several times to discuss not only the philosophy of the same company, but its own moral legitimacy. These questions show the sensitivity of theological casuistry of domination which did not appear ever before Spain or thereafter until today.
What was cruelties and excesses? we know but it was not "system could have been otherwise? Europe by that time the stake of the Catholic Inquisition and Protestant victims often charged, the beating and mutilation in public punishments were common in the old continent. In the new continent Columbian the Aztecs in their ripped truncated pyramids with sharp obsidian knives hearts of the prisoners due to other tribes. For single opening of the great temple of Mexico were slaughtered 25,000 young people. The last world war sacrificed millions of combatants and civilians and an atomic bomb wiped out two Japanese cities in an instant with the push of a button. And today in the Middle East and Asia, there are killings every day.
not expected that a Pizarro or Almagro or Hernandarias were much wiser and enlightened men like Henry VIII, Henry Truman, Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, Hitler and Bush had many more ways of being the former. No. The analysis parameters are for other lanes.
Simultaneously with the conquest came the mixture was founded cities (200 and in the sixteenth century) settlers, who were left, he brought the press, schools, universities, political, economic, social and cultural all the vices and virtues of the time and always the catechism.
Finally, the methodology was the integration, the evangelization tool. Here's how the catechism contributes strongly to the task of amalgamation and fusion. "An exquisite and seamless projection methodology and political power? "Authentic apostolic vocation? I leave the answer to others. I am sure is that the methodology of the systematic extermination and genocide in the North American Quakers, Anglicans and Protestants used to annihilate two hundred Aboriginal people to their extinction and the entire methodology of the catechism and miscegenation, the option to Hispanic and Catholic we not difficult.
In Spain, Francisco de Aguirre in 1553 and accompanied by mestizos and with the collaboration of Indian and Indian-made consolidates what Núñez del Prado founded Santiago del Estero, San Miguel de Tucuman founded by Diego de Villaroel and fifty people do in 1565. By 1591 the son of the founder of San Juan San Luis in the case of Deer Point. In 1573, Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera founded the Nueva Andalucía Córdoba. In 1582, Hernando de Lerma founded San Felipe del Valle de Salta. In 1591, Ramirez de Velazco entrusted to a resident of Santiago, Blas Ponce, the foundation of a town that was called All Saints of the New Rioja.
Juan de Garay with nine English and seventy-five "young men of the earth" (mestizos) founded Santa Fe in 1573 and in 1580 the City of Trinidad at the Port of Santa María de los Buenos Aires and Jujuy founded Algarañaz Francisco in 1593.
Before the end of the sixteenth century already outlined the political division of much of the country of Argentina. The Hispanic whites, mestizos and Indians are founding cities. The process of formation of the new culture is underway and in the seventeenth century already consolidated. Those
Hispanic, those natives do not feel undermined by the land they live on, by the language spoken by the race they belong, by God we pray. This does not mean that those natives were always consistent with its political regime, but that his loyalty to America was complete. It will be long after they raise our people with the Enlightenment and liberalism triumphant, doubts and concerns on their civilization and culture. It is far wrong then the subsequent prosecution brought by the slogan "Civlización or Barbarism" that creates an inferiority complex that still today makes chimneys to our development.
is why we can say that LATIN ENTERING A history as political and linguistic unity and self-consciousness was the exclusive work of the Discovery of America. Later
other immigration come until the late nineteenth and twentieth part, particularly in Argentina, Italy, New English, French, Slav, Syrian, Lebanese, Jewish, etc. that enrich our culture, but the item will always Hispanoamericano computer.
OUR MEMBERSHIP DEFACED
Today has generalized the term "Latin America" \u200b\u200bto refer to our ecumene that extends south of the Rio Bravo (Mexico) to Tierra del Fuego (Argentina).
The writer of these lines does not comply unconditionally use given its origin bastard, then ideology that has been used originally and later by Marxism and imperialism. Indeed
: Napoleon III in the French colonial effort between 1861/1867 Maximilian of Austria sent to the conquest of Mexico. The attempt was made under the pretext or under the banner of Pan-Latin to oppose the other Saxon imperialism. Thus was born the term "Latin American" to cover up a French imperialist action applied to Mexico and by extension to all Latin American peoples. "The French soldiers killed the Mexicans to Mexico and Latin America save for Latinité." Then
ecúneme south of the Rio Grande was settled by English, Indian, mestizo and black Creoles, there was no Latin but the term was generalized to the participation and implementation of the United States that used by derogatory and pejorative use of it, contempt was planned and is projected to people from Latin America.
Many "intellectuals" and "progressive" ideologues quickly donned the garb of Latin word borrowed to get rid of the inquisitorial Spain divorced and leper colony where many of them descended. Finally, the Italian Curia of the Catholic Church to bastardeo innocently caught and created the Latin American Pius College to train priests from Latin America and later the CELAM (Episcopal Conference Latin America). The sleight of hand was accomplished. Now the term is widespread in Latin America and we must use at least socio-economic policy issues, but no way in the cultural philosophy and ontology.
you might say Latin America rule the world lusitano: wrong. Portugal was part of the Roman province called Hispania (land of rabbits) and also formed the Spain of Felipe II and Charles V. But admitting exquisite mannerisms called differentiation, they can come to refer to Latin American culture that populated the Americas and not Latin.
OTHER Slam OUR CONFIRMATION. The Indian.
born When and why the Indians? By 1825 Mexico became an American ambassador to represent his country in the newly proclaimed Republic.
Joel Robert Poinsett, who he is, is characterized by its many economic and cultural activities by creating new lodges affiliated with the Masonic rite York to oppose the pro-British hitherto dominant in Mexico. He excelled in the commitment of Indian religion that originated and enthusiastically encouraged. He placed in the reception room of the U.S. embassy a large portrait of Moctezuma and was driving a cultural policy from the U.S. Embassy indigenismo marked by a surprisingly belligerent, anti-Hispanic and anti-Catholic motorizing impulses in order to ideologically occupy cultural space vacuum breaking the historical continuity lead.
Anglo-Saxon and Protestant intelligence, it now operates from the CIA had found an adequate cultural theory to break the cultural identity and continuity were the ties that linked the English Main. Economic penetration would be easier since.
anti-English BLACK LEGEND
Was it a original occurrence of the U.S. ambassador Poinsett, from a country that had the saying "The best Indian is the dead Indian"? No way. The U.S. ambassador smear taken up the anti-English propaganda pitch to roll by Britain since the seventeenth century.
For those times, England, in the background, began a deliberate campaign against Spain carving high in Europe. A English crown belonged Netherlands, disaffected to Catholicism, part of Germany's Protestant and also sign also dominated much of Italy. Were times in which the Spain of the Hapsburgs had to take it very account in international chess. England started patiently but then an enduring task, tending to deprive Spain of the Austrias of its global role triggering a psychological campaign to discredit as a way of undermining it. One approach was to translate into English the book of Bartolome de las Casas, where the English priest who became bishop of Chiapa, denounced the excesses of the English encomienda. Of course, these events occurred, but were exaggerated by the priest to call the attention of the crown, an effect achieved with the drafting of protective legislation and the advent of several "guests" inspectors real to moderate the excesses reported.
not imagine what Las Casas was who and they were going to use their writings. His book mentioned, scientifically disposable, since there is no rigorous historical value, was used politically. To discredit Spain (horrendous artwork that showcases the book were drawn in Europe.)
printers who reproduced the
LIBEL
Without you look at the issues that we reproduced it explain the intent of the operation. Ten editions come from Amsterdam, two issues come from Frankfurt, two in London, four French presses, there are of Heideberg and Italy. In amount of publications coming from Protestant-dominated countries in the seventeenth century Spain, Hugoton printers French and English Anglicans faced with the English power. In one of the books translated into English, JCJ, Metford recalled that the dedication is invoked Cromwell "... to lead their armies into battle against the bloody and the Popish English nation." In other words the "black legend" of the anti-English smear was spread by the enemies of Spain in general and England in particular and political discretion at a time when the Habsburgs ruled over Europe and threatened to England, then a second-rate power . "Such diatribes shared a widespread patriotic state and was recorded by poets such as Tennyson, / the kingdoms of Spain / kingdoms of the devil / and dogs of the Inquisition /. Conversely, Lope de Vega call Elizabeth, "bloody Jesabel" Hernández Arregui reminds us in his book "What is the national being."
Actually, what was at stake was the next shift of naval power and with it the dominance of England would therefore undermine the ground war after English with a psychological action. The number of films in which we are introduced to pirates, privateers and sailors of seventeenth and eighteenth century English and intrepid fighting for freedom and the highest ideals of any human enterprise, as opposed to English represented as the permanent human rights violator or as a mere bandit, are but echoes remote, ancient radiation those secular antagonism.
THE CULTURE IN OUR OFFICIAL anti-Hispanic.
This is easily understood. More difficult is to understand, such petty causes, the reasons for the oligarchies after emancipation were to denigrate his own origins. There is more to review the thought of a Echeverría, Alberdi, Sarmiento, Juan Maria Gutierrez, that they speak the ruling classes, to warn that an anti-Hispanic more than break with Spain, which was no longer any danger, break themselves from the standpoint of national descent and its cultural identity . The oath of the oligarchies and the ruling classes for their race and its historical lineage is the expression of desolidaridad with socio-cultural context that ought to belong, and that by tying its exports to the British Empire, they tend to distance themselves from their origins to which called "barbarians" and denigrate systematically to justify their split, its breakdown. "Denial Spain, part of the oligarchies, where walnut is just dying cultural residue of material bonded to the British Empire, "Hernández Arregui accurately analyzes topped with accuracy. "The people on the other hand, remained Hispanic, affiliated to the past, the previous culture. This proves the power of the English culture repudiate the oligarchy to live on borrowed time. " It is recalled that the author of these reflections is not Hispanic and is known Marxist origin shift to Peronism.
LIBERALISM BLACK LEGEND YOU PAY THE LEFT.
are warning now groups to "left" generally from Marxism, and more often from ignorance, have begun to repeat the same catch phrases of the Anglo-Saxon empire, the CIA and the oligarchies vernacular Indian flag raising, explaining the same slogans anti-English. How do you understand this anachronistic anti-English eschatology, manipulated by the "left" and that comes from sources as spurious?
Here the explanation is similar although the ideological sign is different from the capitalist liberalism.
imperialist
The other trial, which took expression communism in the Soviet Union and its influence in Europe after the last war across multiple trials Marxists, seems exhausted, like the capitalist liberalism, at least in its forms and nineteenth-century fin de siecle. Marxism seems defeated in his sociological discourse, in economic experiments, in their explicitly political: the retreat seems substantial, but there are facets of Marxism that seem not to resign. The axiom from Feurbach "Religion is the opium of the people" Marx and motorized picture has been and is a force of religious symbols as upside potential is not easily reducible affective or volativizable. Ideological phobias, such as radiocarbon, fall off slowly and fossil remains inert. We will see in these years an Indian onslaught, driven by neo-Marxism in retreat, the anachronistic question to Spain and all it meant, especially his conception of religion in its Catholic sense.
genocide will speak English, English imperialism, the English obscurantism. Some will attack directly, elliptically or other oblique, but the focus of concern is the Catholic Christian understanding of which Spain was then a carrier and transmitter. We will not prove the lies of the "black legend" the book Bartolomé de las Houses more than enough. We only wanted to identify its origin and its past and present intent.
In effect, the denigration of Spain by groups called "indigenous" manipulated by the "left", like the liberal oligarchy, is just dying cultural residue of terminal bonded to the ideological conception of Marxism that while in retreat in the field of thought, and in building the future, return spasmodically for a few shortcuts to remember their old nineteenth-century phobias.
Anachronism and danger
But
never underestimate the anachronistic revival of "indigenousness" has the support of plutocratic foundations, universities in North America, Yankee religious sects, pseudo anthropologists and sociologists to pay financial centers and sometimes one's own nation-state, much of the media system and the sympathies of imperialism, be it located in any territory or the deleterious financial imperialism that moves over the nations. Hence the importance deserves.
bicentennial celebrations in May 2010 a delegation majority indigenous Mapuche reportedly surrendered to the Office of the President a proposal petitions in which among other things, the creation of a state. Following the logic of the request would have a state for the coyas, one for the Aymara, one for the Guarani, another for the Pilagá-tuffs or wichi-matacos.
This figure shows the level of political influence reached and the hazardous nature of their projections. This indigenism driven by neo-Marxism and anti-Hispanic for many who believe pursue philanthropic and humanitarian works against the efforts of those working for Latin American unity and the construction of a continental block regulating globalization.
Beyond what may be the noble marginal concern to the Indians of Argentina, concerns that we share, "indigenismo" has the approval of imperialism, to be functional to the hegemonic interests in it are hidden. The construction of a large state controlled by themselves Latin Americans will not be achieved on more than 200 different indigenous languages \u200b\u200band "divergent values \u200b\u200band decultured. Will the confluence of the Castilian and Portuguese speaking more than 90% of the population and mestizo civilization they express, the clay with which history will, has begun to be and-the unity of our America in the field of our mind "and in conjunction economic and cultural interest.
"We are what we, as a result of a historical amalgam can not be separated from its components. American hybrid, syncretic product of Indians, English, black and other Europeans is a reality that can not be undone by an act of voluntarism Indian. We are a geographical, cultural, linguistic and religious and national government seeks to become. "
PERÓN SAID ON THE SUBJECT.
peronólogos In our capacity as fundamentalists want to remember what I said on the subject Perón warning before we discuss Driver india had drops of blood by his mother Juana Sosa Toledo, but never confused the defense of human dignity of indigenous peoples with the "natives." Perón
referring to the "black legend" anti-English said it is "riddled with fabrications ... It could not happen otherwise, your company (Spain's) was discredited by his enemies and his epic subject of derision, grass intrigue and slander white "and in the same speech in tribute to Cervantes explained the reasons of libel," because the spread of the black legend that has shattered the serious and dispassionate critical doubly interested Opponents to the opportunists. On the one hand they served to cast a reproach to the culture inherited by the community of fraternal peoples who constitute Latin America. On the other hand and tried to encourage in us a spiritual inferiority conducive to its imperialistic ends ... If you forget the English American tradition that enriches the soul, to break its ties with Latin, is evading the box that marks the humanist Catholicism Spain refused to be barren of consistency would be instantly and his ideas would have no validity. "
Evita, on his way to Europe through Spain on June 9, 1947 was issued on the same terms about the Hispanic heritage of that crest and was proud. Both believed that the Indians were our brothers, but the culture and personality modeling hispanocriolla allowed just understand our historical continuity and pre-existing back to 1810.
is impossible to imagine an America without Spain or Argentina so without Sor Juana Inés without Bolívar, San Martín no, no Facundo without roses, without Hernández, without Marechal, without Fermin Chavez, not Oct. 17. Argentina impossible to imagine without Spain, that is no samba, no chacarera without cueca without chamamé and then I ran out of the tango and the last and dire possibility could not bear.
I shed these apocalyptic hallucinations when FM Radio tuned in for Don Marcelo Guaita announcing the impressive sequence of four tangos "Orgullo criollo" and "Dear Earth", both of De Caro played by Osvaldo Pugliese and "What will come" and "Triumphal" both of Astor Piazzolla, the first implemented by the wonderful orchestra Francini-Pontier and the last of the unforgettable Troilo Pichuco big orchestra. I relaxed. Argentina are still! name we saddled Spain through Martín del Barco Centenera Archdeacon, a cleric who came to Rio Plate, mission by the Paraguay and then by Peru and baptized us in a poem by the end of the sixteenth century. Fortunately, there are children foundlings!.
Jorge Oscar Sulé.
Buela, Alberto: "Tests of Dissent" Edit. Theoría.2004.
Dumont, Jean: "The first release of America" \u200b\u200bmagazine "Word" No. 267 pg. 85. October 1986.
Petrocelli, Hector: "What is not said of the Conquest of America", pg. 25. Edit. Didascalia.1992.
Buela, Alberto: "Thought Breaking "Edit. Theoria. 2008.
Chávez, Fermín: "We discovered. Velay! ". Magazine "The Alarm." No. 16
Hernández Arregui, JJ: "What is the national being." Edit. New America. 1988.
Ferrero, Roberto. "The Conquest of the Desert. Indigenous and indigenous. " Book Review-"Tests of Dissent" No. 19/20.1991.
JD Perón Speech at the University of Buenos Aires in homage to Cervantes on 14 November 1947. Also in "Peronist Doctrine," p., 438. Information Secretariat. Presidency of the Nation 1954.
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY
Barros, Alvaro. Federal land border and the southern Pampas. Hachette. 1957.
Barros Arana, Diego. General History of Chile. Vol XXIV. Santiago de Chile.1897.
Borges, Pedro. Who was Bartolome de las Casas. Rialp. Madrid 1990.
Buela, Alberto. "Tests of Dissent." Edit. Buenos Aires 2004
theoria
Buela, Alberto. "Breaking Thought." Edit. Theoria. Buenos Aires 2008
Canals Frau, Salvador. "The pre-Columbian civilizations of America Edit. Bs.As.1995 Sudamericana.
Caponnetto, Antonio. "Hispanic and black legends" Edic. Cruzamante. 1989.
Casamiquela, Rodolfo; Derieul Funes, Carlos; Thill, Joseph P.. "Indian Place Names," Impact Printing. Coronel Dorrego. 2003.
Chávez, Fermín. "History of the Argentine nation." Edit. Teoría.1998. "Civilization and Barbarism in Argentina Culture." Ed. Trafac.1956.
Dumont, Jean. "The first release in America" \u200b\u200bmagazine "Word" No. 0267.
Estévez, Juan José. "Pincen, Life and Legend. " General Directorate of School Official Poster Province of Buenos Aires. 1991.
Fernández, Jorge. "History of the Indian ranqueles." Published by the National Institute of Anthropology and Latin American Thought. Buenos Aires 1998.
Ferrero, Roberto. "The Conquest of the desert, the Indians and the Indians." Rev. "Dissent" Rev. N ° 19/20. P. 199.
Rex González-Pérez JA, "Argentina indigenous" Edit. Paidos 1990.
Herren, Ricardo. "The conquest of the Indian erotic." Edit. Planeta.1991.
Harrington, Thomas. "Contribution Indian knowledge Gununa Kune "Revista de la Plata Museum. 1946.
Hernández Arregui. JJ "What is the national being." Edit. New America 1998.
Marfani, Roberto. "Border with South Indian villages and establishment of National Academy of History. IV.1era Vol. Section Cap. vi.
Petrocelli, Hector. "What is not said of the conquest of America." Edit. Didascalia.1992.
Pereyra, Carlos. "History of America." Edit. Zig-zag Chile 1938.
Perón, Juan Domingo. Speech at the University of Buenos Aires to honor Cervantes.1947.
Rivet, Paul. "Origins of the American man" Edic. Fondo de Cultura Economica. Mexico 1960.
Sulé, Jorge Oscar: "Roses and its relations with the Indians." National Institute of Historical Research Juan Manuel de Rosas. Federal Star Collection. Buenos Aires. 2003.
FOREIGN OFFICE AT FULL.
DIVISION OF ARGENTINA.
CALLED TO NATIVE PEOPLES.
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